Nationalism in India

India mein modern nationalism ka emergence anti-colonial movement se directly linked hai. Colonial rule ke under logon ne apni unity discover ki. Har group ne colonialism ko alag tareeke se experience kiya, aur unke freedom ke notions bhi alag the. Mahatma Gandhi ne in sab groups ko ek movement mein laane ki koshish ki.

World War I ka Impact (1914-1918):

• Economic aur Political Situation: War ke wajah se defence expenditure bahut badh gaya. Isko finance karne ke liye war loans liye gaye aur taxes badha diye gaye (customs duties badhi, income tax introduce hua).
• Price Hike: 1913 se 1918 ke beech prices double ho gaye, jisse common people ko bahut difficulty hui.
• Forced Recruitment: Villages se soldiers supply karne ke liye force kiya gaya. Forced recruitment (jab colonial state logon ko army join karne ke liye force karti hai) se rural areas mein bahut anger faila.
• Famines aur Epidemics: 1918-19 aur 1920-21 mein crops fail ho gaye, jisse food shortages hui. Iske saath influenza epidemic bhi aaya. 1921 ke census ke according, 12-13 million log famines aur epidemic se mare.
• Hope vs Reality: Logon ko laga ki war ke baad unki hardships khatam ho jayengi, but aisa nahi hua. Is situation mein ek naye leader, Mahatma Gandhi, ne ek naya mode of struggle suggest kiya.

Mahatma Gandhi January 1915 mein South Africa se India wapas aaye. South Africa mein unhone racist regime ke against Satyagraha ka novel method successfully use kiya tha.

Satyagraha ka Idea:

• Meaning: Satyagraha ka matlab hai 'truth ki power' aur 'truth ko search karne ki zaroorat'.
• Philosophy: Agar cause true hai aur struggle injustice ke against hai, toh physical force ki zaroorat nahi hai oppressor se ladne ke liye.
• Non-violence: Satyagrahi non-violence se battle jeet sakta hai. Oppressor ki conscience ko appeal karke truth dikhaya ja sakta hai.
• Dharma: Gandhi ji ka मानना tha ki non-violence ka yeh dharma sabhi Indians ko unite kar sakta hai.

Early Satyagraha Movements in India:

• 1917 - Champaran (Bihar): Peasants ko oppressive plantation system ke against struggle karne ke liye inspire kiya. Yeh Gandhi ji ka India mein pehla major Satyagraha tha.
• 1918 - Kheda (Gujarat): Crop failure aur plague epidemic se affected peasants ke liye Satyagraha organize kiya. Unki demand thi ki revenue collection relax kiya jaye.
• 1918 - Ahmedabad (Gujarat): Cotton mill workers ke liye Satyagraha organize kiya, unki working conditions aur wages improve karne ke liye.

Gandhi ji ne early successes ke baad 1919 mein nationwide Satyagraha launch karne ka decide kiya, Rowlatt Act ke against.

Rowlatt Act (1919):

• Purpose: British government ko political activities ko repress karne ke liye enormous powers dena.
• Provisions: Political prisoners ko do saal tak bina trial ke detention mein rakhne ki permission thi.
• Opposition: Indian members ke united opposition ke bawajood, Imperial Legislative Council ne ise hurriedly pass kar diya.
• Gandhi ji ka Response: Is unjust law ke against non-violent civil disobedience, 6 April ko hartal se shuru hua.

Rowlatt Satyagraha:

• Spread: Cities mein rallies, railway workshops mein workers ki strike, shops band.
• British Repression: British administration ne nationalists ko clamp down karna shuru kiya. Amritsar se local leaders ko pick up kiya gaya, Gandhi ji ko Delhi mein enter karne se roka gaya.
• Amritsar Incident: 10 April ko Amritsar mein police ne peaceful procession par fire kiya, jisse banks, post offices aur railway stations par attacks hue. Martial law impose kiya gaya aur General Dyer ne command li.

Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919):

• Event: Baisakhi fair ke liye aur government ke repressive measures ke against protest karne ke liye ek large crowd Jallianwalla Bagh mein gather hui thi. Bahut se villagers ko martial law ka pata nahi tha.
• Dyer's Action: General Dyer ne exit points block kar diye aur crowd par fire open kar diya, jisse hundreds of people mare gaye.
• Motive: Dyer ka object tha 'moral effect produce karna', satyagrahis ke mind mein terror aur awe create karna.
• Aftermath: News failne par North Indian towns mein strikes, police ke saath clashes aur government buildings par attacks hue. Government ne brutal repression kiya: satyagrahis ko naak ragadne, crawl karne aur sahibs ko salaam karne par majboor kiya gaya. Villages ko bomb kiya gaya.
• Withdrawal: Violence failte dekh, Mahatma Gandhi ne movement ko call off kar diya.

Khilafat Movement:

• Need for Unity: Rowlatt Satyagraha cities aur towns tak limited tha. Gandhi ji ko laga ki Hindus aur Muslims ko ek saath laaye bina broad-based movement possible nahi hai.
• Khilafat Issue: First World War mein Ottoman Turkey ki defeat hui. Rumours the ki Ottoman emperor (Islamic world ke spiritual head, Khalifa) par harsh peace treaty impose kiya jayega.
• Formation of Khilafat Committee: Khalifa ki temporal powers defend karne ke liye, March 1919 mein Bombay mein Khilafat Committee bani. Muhammad Ali aur Shaukat Ali jaise young Muslim leaders ne Gandhi ji se united mass action ke baare mein discuss kiya.
• Opportunity for Gandhi ji: Gandhi ji ne ise Muslims ko unified national movement ke umbrella ke under laane ka opportunity dekha.
• Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Resolution: September 1920 mein Calcutta session of Congress mein, Gandhi ji ne leaders ko Khilafat aur Swaraj ke support mein Non-Cooperation Movement start karne ke liye convince kiya.

Gandhi ji ki book Hind Swaraj (1909) mein unhone kaha tha ki British rule Indians ke cooperation se hi establish aur survive kiya hai. Agar Indians cooperate karna band kar de, toh British rule ek saal mein collapse ho jayega aur Swaraj aa jayega.

Non-Cooperation ka Program:

Gandhi ji ne movement ko stages mein unfold karne ka propose kiya:

1. Surrender of Titles: Government dwara diye gaye titles wapas karna.
2. Boycott:

• Civil services, army, police, courts, legislative councils.
• Schools aur colleges.
• Foreign goods. Boycott ka matlab hai logon se deal na karna, activities mein participate na karna, ya cheezein na khareedna/use karna (form of protest).

1. Civil Disobedience: Agar government repression use karti hai, toh full civil disobedience campaign launch karna.

Congress ke Andar Debates:

• Concerns: Kuch Congress leaders proposals ko lekar concerned the. Unhe November 1920 ke council elections ko boycott karne mein reluctance thi.
• Fear of Violence: Unhe darr tha ki movement popular violence mein badal sakta hai.
• Compromise: September aur December 1920 ke beech Congress mein intense tussle chali. Finally, December 1920 ke Nagpur session mein ek compromise hua aur Non-Cooperation programme adopt kiya gaya.

Movement ka Unfoldment aur Diverse Participation:

Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement January 1921 mein shuru hua. Har social group ki apni specific aspiration thi, but sabhi ne Swaraj ke call ko respond kiya, although Swaraj ka matlab sabke liye alag tha.

1. Cities mein Movement (Middle Class):

• Participation: Thousands of students left government schools/colleges, headmasters/teachers resigned, lawyers gave up legal practices.
• Council Elections: Madras ko chhodkar, most provinces mein council elections boycott kiye gaye. Madras mein Justice Party (non-Brahmans ki party) ne participate kiya, unhe laga ki councils mein enter karna power gain karne ka ek tareeka hai.
• Economic Impact:
• Foreign goods boycott kiye gaye, liquor shops picketed kiye gaye, foreign cloth ko bonfires mein jalaya gaya.
• 1921-22 ke beech foreign cloth ka import half ho gaya (Rs 102 crore se Rs 57 crore).
• Merchants aur traders ne foreign goods mein trade karne se mana kar diya.
• Indian textile mills aur handlooms ka production badh gaya.
• Slowdown ke Reasons:
• Khadi cloth expensive tha, poor log afford nahi kar paate the.
• British institutions ke boycott ke liye alternative Indian institutions ki zaroorat thi, jo slow develop hue.
• Students, teachers aur lawyers wapas government institutions mein lautne lage.

2. Countryside mein Rebellion (Peasants aur Tribals):

• Awadh ke Peasants:
• Leader: Baba Ramchandra (sanyasi, pehle Fiji mein indentured labourer the).
• Issues: Talukdars aur landlords dwara exorbitantly high rents aur cesses, begar (without payment labour) aur tenure ki insecurity.
• Demands: Revenue reduction, begar abolition, oppressive landlords ka social boycott (nai-dhobi bandhs).
• Oudh Kisan Sabha: June 1920 mein Jawaharlal Nehru ne villages visit kiye. October tak Oudh Kisan Sabha set up hui (Nehru, Baba Ramchandra). Iske 300 se zyada branches the.
• Congress ka View: Congress ne Awadh peasant struggle ko wider movement mein integrate karne ki koshish ki, but violence se unhappy the (talukdars ke houses par attack, bazaars lootna, grain hoards par kabza).
• Gandhi ji ka Name: Local leaders ne peasants ko bataya ki Gandhi ji ne kaha hai ki koi tax nahi dena aur land redistribute hogi. Mahatma ka naam har action ko sanction karne ke liye use kiya gaya.
• Gudem Hills, Andhra Pradesh (Militant Guerrilla Movement):
• Issues: Colonial government ne large forest areas close kar diye the, logon ko cattle graze karne, fuelwood/fruits collect karne se roka. Traditional rights deny kiye gaye. Begar ke liye force kiya gaya.
• Leader: Alluri Sitaram Raju. Unhone special powers claim kiye (astrological predictions, healing, bullet shots survive karna). Rebels ne unhe God ka incarnation mana.
• Raju ka Message: Gandhi ji ki greatness ki baat ki, Non-Cooperation se inspire the, khadi pehne aur drinking chhodne ko kaha. But unka मानना tha ki India ko force se hi liberate kiya ja sakta hai, non-violence se nahi.
• Actions: Police stations par attack, British officials ko kill karne ki koshish, Swaraj ke liye guerrilla warfare.
• End: Raju ko 1924 mein capture karke execute kar diya gaya, he became a folk hero.

3. Swaraj in the Plantations (Workers):

• Assam ke Plantation Workers:
• Freedom ka Matlab: Confined space se freely move karna aur apne native village se link maintain karna.
• Inland Emigration Act of 1859: Workers ko permission ke bina tea gardens chhodne ki permission nahi thi, jo rarely milti thi.
• Response to NCM: Thousands of workers ne authorities ko defy kiya, plantations chhod diye aur ghar ki taraf chal pade. Unhe laga 'Gandhi Raj' aa raha hai aur sabko apne villages mein land milegi.
• Outcome: Railway aur steamer strike ki wajah se raste mein phans gaye, police ne pakad kar brutally beat kiya.
• Common Thread: In movements ke visions Congress programme se define nahi the. Unhone Swaraj ko apne tareeke se interpret kiya, jiska matlab tha ki sabhi sufferings aur troubles khatam ho jayengi. Jab tribals Gandhi ji ka naam chant karte the ya 'Swatantra Bharat' ke slogans lagate the, toh woh ek all-India agitation se emotionally relate kar rahe the.

February 1922 mein, Chauri Chaura incident ke baad (Gorakhpur mein peaceful demonstration violent clash mein badal gaya), Mahatma Gandhi ne Non-Cooperation Movement ko withdraw karne ka decide kiya. Unhe laga ki movement violent ho raha hai aur satyagrahis ko mass struggles ke liye proper training ki zaroorat hai.

Internal Debates within Congress:

• Council Politics: Kuch leaders mass struggles se thak gaye the aur 1919 Government of India Act dwara set up kiye gaye provincial councils ke elections mein participate karna chahte the. Unhe laga ki councils ke andar British policies ko oppose karna, reform ke liye argue karna aur councils ko undemocratic prove karna important hai.
• Swaraj Party: C.R. Das aur Motilal Nehru ne Congress ke andar Swaraj Party banayi, council politics mein wapas aane ke liye.
• Radical Agitation: Jawaharlal Nehru aur Subhas Chandra Bose jaise younger leaders ne more radical mass agitation aur full independence (Purna Swaraj) ki demand ki.

Late 1920s ke Political Developments:

1. Worldwide Economic Depression:

• 1926 se agricultural prices girne lage aur 1930 ke baad collapse ho gaye.
• Demand for agricultural goods giri, exports decline hue, jisse peasants ko revenue pay karna mushkil ho gaya.
• 1930 tak countryside mein turmoil tha.

1. Simon Commission (1928):

• Formation: British mein new Tory government ne Sir John Simon ke under ek Statutory Commission banayi.
• Purpose: India ke constitutional system ko study karna aur changes suggest karna.
• Controversy: Commission mein ek bhi Indian member nahi tha, sab British the.
• Protest: 1928 mein jab Simon Commission India aaya, toh use 'Go back Simon' ke slogans ke saath greet kiya gaya. Congress aur Muslim League sahit sabhi parties ne demonstrations mein participate kiya.
• Lala Lajpat Rai: Simon Commission ke against peaceful demonstration ke dauran British police ne unpar assault kiya, jisse unki death ho gayi.

1. Lord Irwin ka 'Dominion Status' Offer (October 1929):

• Viceroy Lord Irwin ne India ke liye 'dominion status' ka vague offer kiya, ek unspecified future mein, aur future constitution discuss karne ke liye Round Table Conference ka propose kiya.
• Congress ka Response: Congress leaders isse satisfy nahi hue. Radicals (Nehru, Bose) aur assertive ho gaye. Liberals aur moderates ka influence kam ho gaya.

1. Lahore Congress (December 1929):

• Jawaharlal Nehru ki presidency mein, Congress ne 'Purna Swaraj' (full independence) ki demand ko formalize kiya.
• Independence Day: 26 January 1930 ko Independence Day celebrate karne ka decide kiya gaya, jahan logon ko complete independence ke liye struggle karne ki pledge leni thi. Lekin is celebration ne bahut kam attention attract kiya.

The Salt March and Civil Disobedience Movement:

Gandhi ji ne abstract idea of freedom ko everyday life ke concrete issues se connect karne ka tareeka dhundha – Salt Tax.

• Salt as a Symbol: Salt rich aur poor dono consume karte the, aur yeh essential food item tha. Salt par tax aur government monopoly British rule ka most oppressive face dikhata tha.
• Eleven Demands: 31 January 1930 ko Gandhi ji ne Viceroy Irwin ko letter bheja, jismein eleven demands the. Kuch general interest ke the aur kuch specific classes (industrialists, peasants) ke liye the. Idea tha ki sabhi classes identify kar sakein.
• Ultimatum: Agar demands 11 March tak poori nahi hui, toh Congress civil disobedience campaign launch karegi. Irwin ne negotiate karne se mana kar diya.
• Dandi March (Salt March):
• Start: Mahatma Gandhi ne 78 trusted volunteers ke saath Sabarmati Ashram se Dandi tak march start kiya.
• Distance & Time: 240 miles, 24 din, daily 10 miles.
• Impact: Thousands of people Gandhi ji ko sunne aaye. Unhone Swaraj ka matlab samjhaya aur British ko peacefully defy karne ko kaha.
• Breaking Salt Law: 6 April ko Dandi pahunch kar, unhone ceremonially sea water boil karke salt banaya aur salt law violate kiya.
• Beginning of Civil Disobedience Movement:
• Difference from NCM: Logon ko ab sirf British se cooperate karne se mana nahi karna tha, balki colonial laws ko bhi break karna tha.
• Actions: Thousands ne salt law toda, salt banaya, government salt factories ke saamne demonstrate kiya. Foreign cloth boycott hua, liquor shops picketed hue. Peasants ne revenue aur chaukidari taxes pay karne se mana kar diya. Village officials ne resign kiya. Forest people ne forest laws violate kiye.
• Government Repression:
• Colonial government ne Congress leaders ko arrest karna shuru kiya, jisse violent clashes hue.
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan: April 1930 mein arrest hone par Peshawar mein angry crowds ne demonstrate kiya, police firing mein many mare gaye.
• Gandhi ji ka Arrest: Ek mahine baad, Gandhi ji ke arrest hone par Sholapur mein industrial workers ne police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts aur railway stations par attack kiya (jo British rule ke symbols the).
• Brutal Response: Peaceful satyagrahis par attack hue, women aur children ko beat kiya gaya, aur lagbhag 100,000 log arrest hue.
• Gandhi-Irwin Pact (5 March 1931):
• Violence ko dekhte hue, Gandhi ji ne movement call off kiya aur Irwin ke saath pact sign kiya.
• Provisions: Gandhi ji ne Second Round Table Conference (Congress ne first boycott kiya tha) mein participate karne par consent diya. Government ne political prisoners ko release karne par agree kiya.
• Round Table Conference: December 1931 mein Gandhi ji London gaye, but negotiations fail ho gaye aur woh disappointed wapas aaye.
• Relaunch of CDM: India wapas aakar unhone dekha ki government ne repression ka naya cycle shuru kar diya hai (Ghaffar Khan, Nehru jail mein, Congress illegal, meetings/demonstrations/boycotts par ban). Gandhi ji ne Civil Disobedience Movement ko relaunch kiya.
• Loss of Momentum: Movement ek saal se zyada chala, but 1934 tak isne apna momentum kho diya.

Civil Disobedience Movement mein bhi different social groups ne participate kiya, har kisi ke apne ideals aur Swaraj ke alag meanings the.

1. Countryside mein Participation:

• Rich Peasant Communities (Patidars of Gujarat, Jats of UP):
• Reason for Joining: Commercial crops ke producers hone ke wajah se trade depression aur falling prices se bahut hit hue. Revenue pay karna mushkil ho gaya. Government ne revenue demand reduce karne se mana kar diya, jisse resentment badha.
• Swaraj ka Matlab: High revenues ke against struggle.
• Actions: Enthusiastic supporters, apni communities ko organize kiya, boycott programmes mein participate karne ke liye force kiya.
• Disappointment: Jab 1931 mein movement call off hua aur revenue rates revise nahi hue, toh deeply disappointed hue. 1932 mein movement relaunch hone par many ne participate karne se mana kar diya.
• Poorer Peasantry:
• Reason for Joining: Sirf revenue demand kam karne mein interested nahi the. Landlords se rented land par cultivate karte the. Depression ke chalte rent pay karna mushkil ho gaya. Unhe unpaid rent remitted chahiye tha.
• Actions: Socialists aur Communists ke under radical movements join kiye.
• Congress ka Stance: Congress ne 'no rent' campaigns ko support karne mein reluctance dikhayi, kyunki unhe laga ki isse rich peasants aur landlords upset ho sakte hain. Isliye poor peasants aur Congress ke beech ka relationship uncertain raha.

2. Business Classes:

• Reason for Joining: First World War ke dauran Indian merchants aur industrialists ne huge profits kamaye the. Ab woh colonial policies ke against the jo business activities ko restrict karti thi. Foreign goods ke imports ke against protection aur rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio jo imports ko discourage kare, yeh unki demands thi.
• Organizations: Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (1920) aur Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) (1927) banayi.
• Leaders: Purshottamdas Thakurdas aur G.D. Birla jaise prominent industrialists.
• Swaraj ka Matlab: Colonial restrictions on business ka end, trade aur industry ka flourish karna.
• Actions: CDM ko support kiya, financial assistance di, imported goods khareedne/bechne se mana kar diya.
• Shift in Stance: Round Table Conference ki failure ke baad, business groups uniformly enthusiastic nahi rahe. Militant activities ke spread se apprehensive the, business disruption aur Congress ke younger members mein socialism ke growing influence se worried the.

3. Industrial Working Classes:

• Participation: Large numbers mein participate nahi kiya, except Nagpur region mein.
• Reason for Aloofness: Industrialists Congress ke kareeb aa gaye the, isliye workers aloof rahe.
• Selective Participation: Kuch workers ne CDM mein participate kiya, Gandhian programme ke kuch ideas (jaise foreign goods ka boycott) ko adopt kiya, apne low wages aur poor working conditions ke against movements mein.
• Strikes: 1930 mein railway workers ki strikes, 1932 mein dockworkers ki strikes. Chotanagpur tin mines mein thousands of workers ne Gandhi caps pehni aur protest rallies/boycott campaigns mein participate kiya.
• Congress ka Stance: Congress workers ki demands ko apne struggle programme mein include karne mein reluctant thi, kyunki unhe laga ki isse industrialists alienate ho jayenge aur anti-imperial forces divide ho jayengi.

4. Women's Participation:

• Scale: Large-scale participation.
• Actions: Gandhiji ke salt march ke dauran thousands of women ghar se bahar aayi, protest marches mein participate kiya, salt banaya, foreign cloth aur liquor shops picketed kiye. Many went to jail.
• Background: Urban areas mein high-caste families se, rural areas mein rich peasant households se thi.
• Motivation: Gandhiji ke call se inspire hokar, nation ki service ko sacred duty mana.
• Limitations: Is increased public role ka matlab yeh nahi tha ki women ki position mein radical change aaya. Gandhi ji ka मानना tha ki women ka duty ghar aur parivar ki dekhbhal karna hai. Congress bhi women ko organization mein authority position dene mein reluctant thi, sirf unki symbolic presence chahti thi.

5. Limits of Civil Disobedience (Dalits aur Muslims):

• Dalits (Depressed Classes/Harijan):
• Congress ka Stance: Congress ne dalits ko ignore kiya tha, sanatanis (conservative high-caste Hindus) ko offend karne ke darr se.
• Gandhi ji ka Efforts: Unhone 'untouchables' ko Harijan (children of God) kaha. Temples mein entry, public wells, tanks, roads aur schools tak access ke liye satyagraha organize kiya. Unhone khud toilets clean kiye aur upper castes ko 'sin of untouchability' chhodne ko persuade kiya.
• Dalit Leaders ka View: Many dalit leaders different political solution chahte the. Unhone khud ko organize kiya, educational institutions mein reserved seats aur legislative councils ke liye separate electorates ki demand ki. Unhe laga ki political empowerment se social disabilities solve hongi.
• Participation: Dalit participation CDM mein limited tha, especially Maharashtra aur Nagpur region mein jahan unka organization strong tha.
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: 1930 mein Dalits ko Depressed Classes Association mein organize kiya. Second Round Table Conference mein Gandhi ji se clash hua, separate electorates ki demand par.
• Poona Pact (September 1932): British government ne Ambedkar ki demand maan li, toh Gandhi ji ne fast unto death shuru kiya. Unhe laga ki separate electorates se dalits ka society mein integration slow ho jayega. Ambedkar ne finally Gandhi ji ki position accept ki. Is pact ne Depressed Classes (later Schedule Castes) ko provincial aur central legislative councils mein reserved seats di, but unhe general electorate dwara vote kiya jana tha. Dalit movement Congress-led national movement se apprehensive raha.
• Muslims:
• Alienation: Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement ke decline ke baad, Muslims ka ek large section Congress se alienated feel karne laga.
• Hindu Mahasabha: Mid-1920s se Congress Hindu religious nationalist groups jaise Hindu Mahasabha se zyada visibly associated hone lagi.
• Communal Clashes: Hindus aur Muslims ke relations kharab hue, religious processions aur communal clashes/riots badhe, jisse communities ke beech distance badha.
• Efforts for Alliance: Congress aur Muslim League ne alliance renegotiate karne ki koshish ki. 1927 mein unity possible lagi.
• Issue of Representation: Main difference future assemblies mein representation ke question par tha. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Muslim League leader) separate electorates ki demand chhodne ko ready the, agar Muslims ko Central Assembly mein reserved seats aur Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal, Punjab) mein population ke proportion mein representation mile.
• Failure of Negotiations: All Parties Conference (1928) mein M.R. Jayakar (Hindu Mahasabha) ne compromise efforts ko strongly oppose kiya, jisse issue resolve nahi ho paya.
• Suspicion and Distrust: CDM shuru hone par communities ke beech suspicion aur distrust ka atmosphere tha. Congress se alienated hone ke wajah se, many Muslim leaders aur intellectuals ne Muslims ke status as a minority ke baare mein concern express kiya. Unhe darr tha ki unki culture aur identity Hindu majority ke domination mein submerged ho jayegi.
• Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1930): Muslim League ke president ne separate electorates ki importance ko reiterate kiya, Muslims ke minority political interests ke safeguard ke roop mein. Unka statement baad mein Pakistan ki demand ke liye intellectual justification bana.

Nationalism tabhi spread hota hai jab log believe karte hain ki woh sab ek hi nation ka part hain, aur unhe koi unity bind karti hai. Yeh sense of collective belonging united struggles ke experience se aaya, but cultural processes ne bhi isme important role play kiya.

Cultural Processes for Nationalism:

1. Symbols aur Icons:

• Bharat Mata: India ki identity ko visually Bharat Mata ki image se symbolise kiya gaya. First image Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay ne create ki thi. Unhone 1870s mein 'Vande Mataram' likha, jo unke novel Anandamath mein include kiya gaya aur Swadeshi movement mein widely gaya gaya.
• Abanindranath Tagore: 1905 mein unhone apni famous image of Bharat Mata paint ki, jismein woh ascetic figure, calm, composed, divine aur spiritual dikhayi gayi hai.
• Evolution of Image: Baad mein Bharat Mata ki image ne many different forms liye, popular prints mein circulate hui. Is mother figure ke prati devotion ko nationalism ka evidence mana gaya.

1. Folklore aur Songs:

• Revival Movement: Late-19th century mein nationalists ne Indian folklore ko revive karne ka movement shuru kiya.
• Collection: Bards dwara gaye gaye folk tales record kiye, villages tour kiye, folk songs aur legends collect kiye.
• Purpose: Unhe laga ki yeh tales traditional culture ki true picture dete hain, jo outside forces ne corrupt kar di thi. National identity discover karne aur past mein pride restore karne ke liye folk tradition ko preserve karna essential tha.
• Key Figures: Bengal mein Rabindranath Tagore ne ballads, nursery rhymes aur myths collect kiye. Madras mein Natesa Sastri ne Tamil folk tales ka four-volume collection, The Folklore of Southern India, publish kiya. Unhe laga ki folklore national literature hai, 'people’s real thoughts and characteristics' ka most trustworthy manifestation.

1. Flags:

• Swadeshi Movement Flag: Bengal mein Swadeshi movement ke dauran ek tricolour flag (red, green, yellow) design kiya gaya. Ismein eight lotuses the (eight provinces of British India) aur ek crescent moon (Hindus aur Muslims ko represent karta tha).
• Swaraj Flag (1921): Gandhiji ne Swaraj flag design kiya. Yeh bhi tricolour (red, green, white) tha aur center mein ek spinning wheel tha, jo Gandhian ideal of self-help ko represent karta tha. Marches ke dauran flag ko carry karna defiance ka symbol ban gaya.

1. Reinterpretation of History:

• British View: British ne Indians ko backward aur primitive mana, jo khud ko govern nahi kar sakte.
• Nationalist Response: Indians ne apne past mein dekha, India ke great achievements discover kiye. Unhone ancient times ke glorious developments ke baare mein likha (art, architecture, science, maths, religion, culture, law, philosophy, crafts, trade).
• Narrative: Unke view mein, is glorious time ke baad decline ka period aaya, jab India colonize hua. Nationalist histories ne readers ko India ke past achievements par pride feel karne aur British rule ke under miserable conditions ko change karne ke liye struggle karne ko urge kiya.

Limitations of Cultural Unification:

• Yeh efforts problems se free nahi the. Jab glorified past Hindu tha aur images Hindu iconography se draw kiye gaye the, toh other communities ke log left out feel karte the.

Conclusion:

• 20th century ke first half mein colonial government ke against growing anger ne various groups aur classes of Indians ko freedom ke common struggle mein ek saath laya.
• Congress, under Mahatma Gandhi, ne logon ki grievances ko organized movements mein channel karne ki koshish ki.
• Nationalists ne national unity forge karne ki koshish ki, but diverse groups ke aspirations aur expectations alag the. Freedom ka matlab har kisi ke liye different tha.
• Congress ne differences ko resolve karne ki koshish ki, taaki ek group ki demands doosre ko alienate na kare. Isliye movement ke andar unity aksar toot jaati thi.
• Congress activity aur nationalist unity ke high points ke baad disunity aur inner conflict ke phases aate the.
• Ultimately, ek aisa nation emerge ho raha tha jismein many voices colonial rule se freedom chahte the.

Quit India Movement (1942):

• Background: Cripps Mission ki failure aur World War II ke effects se India mein widespread discontentment badha.
• Gandhi ji ka Call: Gandhiji ne British ko India se complete withdrawal ke liye call kiya.
• Resolution: 14 July 1942 ko Wardha mein Congress Working Committee ne 'Quit India' resolution pass kiya, demanding immediate transfer of power to Indians.
• Mass Struggle: 8 August 1942 ko Bombay mein All India Congress Committee ne non-violent mass struggle ke liye resolution endorse kiya.
• 'Do or Die' Speech: Isi occasion par Gandhiji ne famous 'Do or Die' speech di.
• Impact: Movement ne state machinery ko standstill kar diya. Logon ne voluntarily participate kiya, hartals, demonstrations, processions hue. Students, workers, peasants jaise thousands of ordinary people ne participate kiya.
• Leaders: Jayprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Ram Manohar Lohia. Women leaders jaise Matangini Hazra, Kanaklata Barua, Rama Devi.
• Repression: British ne bahut force se respond kiya, but movement ko suppress karne mein ek saal se zyada laga.